Atchley on Small Communities

“People are fed up with mass society and feel a strong need to get together in a genuine and a sincere way.” So said Bob Atchley, a professor at the Buddhist-oriented Naropa Institute in Boulder, Colorado, speaking last week in Boston.

He considers the rise of small groups – – not more than 12 or 15 people – – the most significant feature in American religion today.  It is a form of  “unchurched spirituality” that appeals to many who have broken with their earlier patterns.

For many people, big no longer does it. Groups larger than about a dozen , they find, cannot get to know one another and share genuine feelings.

The beginnings of the small group phenomenon can be traced back to the period after World War II. The rise of the Human Potential movement led many Americans to focus on their inner life, sensitizing them to their own spiritual quest. They developed a so-called holistic approach to life, seeing their body, mind, and spirit forming one united whole.

They came to appreciate the value of previously unfamiliar spiritual practices, especially meditation, which they came to recognize as a different way of knowing.  It served them as a form  of learning that goes beyond ordinary thought.

The small group movement grew stronger in the 1960s when many Americans, most of them young, experimented with various forms of communal life. Those who are now old are likely not to have taken part in these experiments and thus may not be attracted to small groups now as part of  their spiritual life.

But those who do join and meet regularly with others usually become comfortable disclosing their inner selves.  In doing so, they find others to respond supportively  to their revelation of self. In fact, the more they reveal their own weaknesses, the greater that support tends to become.

Professor Atchley attributes to spiritual traditions of the East the idea that “you need a spiritual community to interpret your experience.” This has led to recognizing how a community can serve as what he calls your “garbage collector,” accepting from you whatever you wish to share.

Just being heard means a great deal to most people. For those who cannot find anyone else to listen to their story –  –  and that includes almost everybody –  –  discovering sympathetic listeners  counts for a whole lot.

In the words of Thich Nhat Han, the Tibetan Buddhist spiritual leader, these groups are rooted in “compassionate listening.”  They learn to hear one another with heartfelt sympathy.

Professor Atchley compares these gatherings to family groups, but without the baggage that most families carry. “People talk about heavy stuff,” he reports, “but they laugh a lot.”

Typically, there is not much structure to these groups, nor do authority figures exist. Most members, in fact, are trying to get away from the oppressive authorities of their earlier lives.  Instead, these groups tend to be “ruthlessly democratic,” respecting the rights of each person to a voice.

What attracts people to these groups is their authenticity. They appear to be free of the humbug that often afflicts large religious organizations.

And they respect diversity, the differences among people that so characterize American life now. In the small groups one finds women and men of varied ethnic origins, along with other human differences.

Membership also cuts across religious lines. People of different faiths come together and feel comfortable in one another’s presence. Christians of various backgrounds also find common ground despite inter-church differences.

In reflecting on the small group movement, Professor Atchley feels one crucial question still remains uncertain. How will these groups influence power and authority?

As a member of a small prayer group myself, I appreciate coming together with a few friends. At the same time, however, I continue to place high value on membership in the church in which I grew up. It continues to feed me values not available to small groups. I especially love the liturgy, the public worship for which people of faith come together.

I also value the greater variety one finds in the church community. Rich and poor, saint and sinner, old and young – all come together in search of inspiration.

For  me, having available both the church and the small prayer group offers the best situation of all.

Richard Griffin

Thanksgiving Continuing

The spirit of thanksgiving continues on. It cannot be confined to a single day of celebration, however memorable.  Ideally, thanksgiving is an everyday attitude that shapes the way we feel about our life and about the world.

A grateful heart not only ennobles human life at all times but enables us to see more deeply the world around us.

When gratitude marks your stance toward the world, you notice things that otherwise would pass you by. Recognizing yourself as a gifted person, you see the events of the day stand out in bolder relief as their meaning becomes clearer. The people you meet can also be more fully revealed to the eyes of gratitude.

Ann Ulanov, Professor of Psychiatry and Religion at Union Theological Seminary in New York, hits the mark when she calls for “an ethics of overflow.” If we love God first, she said at a recent morning prayer session, “it spills over to the love of the self, and of our neighbor.”

I believe in the power of thanksgiving to kickstart this overflow. That is why I value the approach  of another spiritual master, Brother David Steindle-Rast. This Benedictine brother runs a website called “Gratefulness” that expresses his approach to the inner life.

Here, at gratefulness.org, is his home page introducing the subject:

“In each of us there is a spark that can reverse the trends of violence and depression spiraling within us and in the world around us. By setting in motion the spiral of gratefulness we begin the journey toward peace and joy.”

In this season I give thanks for whatever inspiration has been given me. Like the sun shining through cloud banks, this gift enlightens the mind and heart.  Inspiration cannot be manufactured by oneself; it must be freely given. As Jesus says of it in John 3, 8: “The wind blows where it chooses, and you hear the sound of it, but you do not know where it comes from or where it goes.”

It comes at the strangest times, catching us unawares. We can be walking along, without much going on in our head, when all of a sudden – bingo – we see into a situation that previously remained obscured.

The gift of compassion also stirs thanksgiving in me. Without the delusion of  thinking myself nearly enough compassionate, I still recognize some growth in sympathy toward other people. For this I feel grateful while wanting to have more of this precious quality of heart. Perhaps recognizing my limitations here is itself a gift.

I also feel thankful for the spiritual seekers who inspire me. Some of them are colleagues in the field of aging: Tom, Rick, Susan, Bob, Bernie and others have recently shared insights with me and revealed their own efforts to open to the light. What a gift to find scholars like them at professional meetings who bring me into their lives! They sit down with me and we talk about our personal challenges and our occasional breakthroughs.

For  the gift of  understanding I feel grateful. Limited though my brain is compared to that of some other people, it still continues to be a marvelous instrument. It enables me to grasp the wonders of the world and to appreciate the thoughts of other people past and present. I can pick up and read the writings of William James, who once lived only a few city blocks from my home, and who one hundred years ago published a classic book on spirituality called “Varieties of Religious Experience.”

Through the gift of faith, I see God as the source of all good gifts. That is why a sermon of Meister Eckhart, the German mystic who lived in the 13th and 14th centuries, speaks to me:

“In every gift, in every work, we ought to learn to look toward God, and we should not allow ourselves to be satisfied or detained by any thing.  .   . Above all else, we should always be preparing ourselves, always renewing ourselves to receive God’s gifts.”

A grateful heart can be a font of joy even in the midst of suffering and hardship. But we come to a grateful heart only by stages, as Brother David suggests when he speaks of “the spiral of gratefulness.” It goes up, but only in a round-about motion that continues to carry us higher.

Richard Griffin

Hob’s Odyssey at Thanksgiving

Looking back at his life, Hob’s wife Olivia speaks of his “hard edges which softened with his age; he had a beautiful soul.”

These words come from a new video, entitled “Hob’s Odyssey,” that family members and friends have been viewing recently. It has been a year since Hob’s death last Thanksgiving Day at age 78. As we celebrate the same holiday again this week, I am giving thanks for the life of this friend who provided much inspiration to me as he did to many others.

What strikes me most about his life as shown in the video is the transformation of character he shows from early adulthood to his middle and later years. Seeing him as a jaunty and debonair young man in New York City, I found it hard to connect that person with the friend I came to know decades later.

The changes in him happened in large part because of the spiritual quest on which he entered as he grew into middle age. It was a searching shared by his wife Olivia as the two traveled widely together, on both external and interior journeys.

Olivia’s sense of adventure supported Hob as he experimented with truth. “How can you not rejoice to see your partner jumping into the new?” she asks. The sober answer is, of course, “Easy.” Many partners would be made unhappy seeing the person closest to them constantly looking for change.

But Hob’s partner saw the “transformative influences” of  the spiritual practices that he adopted. She later observed that as his spirituality took hold, “the depressions vanished and the volatilities.”

A crucial event occurred in 1982 when they visited India for the first time. While there, Hob became crippled by dysentery making it impossible for him to walk. In Bombay they met a charismatic woman healer named Sree Chakravarti who, in front of 200 onlookers, touched Hob and commanded him to stand up and walk. “It just blew all his circuits,” says Olivia of this event. “I saw him the victim of a miracle.”

In India the couple became friends with Father Bede Griffiths, an English Benedictine who had established an ashram there and lived as both a Catholic priest and a Hindu holy man. This friendship was to take hold and last the rest of Father Bede’s life while exercising a creative influence on Hob’s search.

Other spiritual leaders helped Hob find his way toward enlightenment. Among them, the Vietnamese Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Han was perhaps the most significant. At his hands, Hob was ordained a senior teacher in the Buddhist tradition, an office he felt honored to hold.

Others from whom Hob drew inspiration were the Dalai Lama, Jean Vanier, and Father Henri Nouwen. Vanier, a Canadian who founded L’Arche, a network of communities uniting people with developmental disabilities and their helpers, opened new insights for Hob. For a time he worked as a volunteer in a L’Arche house in Erie, Pennsylvania, an experience which contributed to his spiritual growth.

Father Nouwen, the Dutch priest whose spiritual writings have moved many, helped Hob to find value in suffering. Within fragility of heart lies great strength, Nouwen taught, a reality that Hob was to show forth in the last years of his life.

Those years were the time when Hob had Alzeimer’s disease. This he managed to accept with remarkable grace, though it would be a mistake to underestimate the difficulties. “What made it doable, and even light at times, is we’ve chosen to do it together,” Olivia said of the ordeal. “That’s not to gloss over the losses,” she added. “The depth of his pain and rejection surprised me.”

As the video confirms, the support that Olivia gave her husband then was crucial. I never tire of repeating what Hob once told me when I asked him a question that he had forgotten how to answer. Turning to Olivia, he told me: “She is my memory,” beautiful words I continue to treasure.

No wonder Olivia says “Hob is one of the most intriguing persons I have ever known.” She also speaks of what they had together –  – “intertwined Karmas off the charts.”

Seeing a person’s life whole, as “Hob’s Odyssey” enables one to do, stirs thoughts too deep for expression. The adventure, the beauty, the surprises, the pathos, the twists and turns, –  –  all contribute to a richness that goes beyond easy expression. The 78 years have a power in them that lasts beyond the confines of mortality.

The video concludes with a song by Leonard Cohen that celebrates what Hob and Olivia held together. “Dance me to the panic till I’m safely gathered in,” says a verse. “Dance me to the end of love,” goes the refrain.

Hob has been safely gathered in. This love, however, does not end. In touching  family members and friends, this love remains a present reality.

Richard Griffin

Recorders Society

“When I don’t feel like doing housework and I don’t feel like reading or writing, I love to make music.”  This was the answer given me last week by Violet Myvaagnes to my question about why she plays the recorder. Ms. Myvaagnes,  who lives in Mt. Vernon House in  Winchester  was obviously enjoying that activity on the evening when we met.

At age 91, she enjoys coming together with others to play regularly. She took up the recorder when her boys were little and now, many decades later, she continues to find pleasure playing this instrument.

She is in good company as a member of the Boston Recorder Society that meets monthly at the New School of Music in Cambridge to make music together. Invited by Laura Conrad, Adminstrator of the Society and a regular reader of this column, I visited the group last week and enjoyed talking with several of the players among the 15 or so gathered for music and fellowship.

Incidentally, when I identified the title of this column, Violet Myvaagnes saw its point and related to it immediately: “Growing Older, .  .  .  OK, we’re all doing it!” said this elder, a woman full of vitality.

Judy Demarrais, a resident of Needham, boasts, “I’ve been a member forever.”  Forever turns out to be since 1972 when she was 40. “My husband said to me I was too old to learn music,” but she went ahead anyway. Though he has a very fine ear, she says that  he cheerfully puts up with her playing despite its deficiencies.

Judy is one of several members who play instruments other than the recorder. “I read early music to keep my brain active,” she says.  She performs with the group on the dulcian, az reed instrument like the early bassoon. “I think this group is the sort of thing that can really contribute to community spirit.” “This is so participatory,” she adds.

Duncan MacDonald, a retired space engineer who now lives on Beacon Hill, plays the flute. He also belongs to a  nation-wide  association of flutists whose members once played the national anthem at an Arizona Diamondbacks baseball game. “Seven hundred flutists lined the field from first base to third base in the outfield, with the conductor at second base,” he recalled. When I called this unique performance much preferable to hearing some pop singer murder the national anthem, Duncan readily agreed.

Talking with him was Marleigh Ryan, who took up the recorder on the last day of 1998. That was the day on which she retired from her position as a professor of Japanese literature in New York.  A Cambridge resident, she has enough enthusiasm to have moved her to join another group of recorder players, this one in Framingham.

Tobi Hoffman, a middle-aged computer programmer,  finds playing all-absorbing.  “Even if I come to a session with a headache, while I’m playing, I will not notice that headache.”  I ask how she likes playing with people older than herself. “Music is community,” she replies; “It’s part of something bigger than yourself.”

Ann Murphy of Brookline has been playing for more than twenty years. Before her retirement, she was a social worker at Children’s Hospital and a part-time teacher at Salem State College. When she was younger, she wanted to play an instrument,  but regrets that she never found the time. About the recorder, she says, “You can do something with it a little sooner.”  The sessions of the Society she sees as “a nice opportunity to get together with other players.”

This sampling of amateur musicians, younger and older, indicates the potential the playing of music has to enliven personal life. For older people in particular, this activity seems to have a rejuvenating effect, especially because it throws them into meaningful contact with those younger than they.

Though the players at this session took their music seriously, the atmosphere was relaxed and no one needed to feel on the spot. In this non-ageist, not competitive environment, people were free to do their best without anxiety about the outcome. The relish they felt in the music itself was obviously a powerful force making them feel good about themselves.

The members of the Boston Recorder Society consider the recorder a good instrument to start in later life. It can give some satisfaction much faster than a more complicated instrument such as the violin. And the learning experience differs sharply from the music lessons of children, in the bad old days, when they were subjected to tiresome drills.

I recall my own piano lessons when my teachers, though not unkind, did not provide me with much gratification. They made me respect the instrument but not love it. Only the prospect of a Red Sox or Bees game, promised as a reward to follow the lessons, gave me the motivation to persevere. The love that the Recorder Society members feel for their instruments makes for a joyful contrast.

Richard Griffin

Henry and Celia, Veterans

“I’m the luckiest guy you can possibly envision,” says Henry Walter, a resident of North Hill, the retirement community in Needham. He is talking about his experiences as an army officer in World War II. About to turn 86, he looks back on his military service as a time that brought him lifelong benefits.

He has summarized the events of his life in a private memoir of some 150 pages that has been read by family members. Stirred by a recent “Growing Older” column  focused on the wartime memoir of a Polish lawyer, he sent me a summary of his that covers six densely packed pages.

He was born in Vienna in 1916 and grew up in that city, though his father was a Czech citizen. Henry was a member of the Czech army when Hitler invaded and dissolved that force. Escaping across the border, Henry reached Poland and sailed from there to New York.

In 1941 he was drafted into the U. S. Army, eventually becoming an officer with the Tenth Mountain Division. Soon, however, he was transferred to s newly created army branch – Military Government. Taking part in the invasion of Normandy, he landed on Omaha Beach on D-Day plus 1, wading to shore through waist-deep water. Once in France, he began functioning as a civil affairs officer, helping to evacuate French civilians from the areas in front of American battle lines.

After many other adventures, some of them extremely hazardous, Henry took part in the Battle of the Bulge, crossed the Rhine at Remagen, and eventually ended up in southern Bohemia as the war in Europe came to an end. He then served as chief military government official in a small county of Bavaria before returning to the U.S.

This brief summary leaves out many details that enrich Henry’s account of his wartime life and the period following VE Day. Most important among these events was his meeting Ruth Sumers, a former Navy officer, whom he met traveling in Europe and married in 1947.

Looking back at this period, Henry Walter most values his marriage and his rapid rise in military rank until he retired as a Lieutenant Colonel. This military experience made him eligible for the GI Bill covering his graduate studies at Harvard and setting him on his career path.

Asked about present-day Germany, Henry says: “It seems like quite a different country than it was in World War II.” But he is not surprised because he regards Germans as “very intelligent people.” And he feels proud about his role in Germany’s restoration: “We played a very important role in that.”

Though he has kept his uniform, he has never marched in a veterans’ parade. But he feels patriotic, especially valuing “knowledgeable and courageous people who speak up for justice.”

Another person who comes to mind, in the week when we celebrate Veterans’ Day, is the late Celia McLaughin. Her daughter, Pam McLaughlin, a resident of Somerville, has written about her mother’s wartime years in a small book published last July and entitled “Celia: Army Nurse and Mother Remembered.” Making abundant use of wartime letters from her mother, Pam McLaughlin shares the experiences of this army nurse who served in the North African campaign and later in Italy.

A native of Tamworth, New Hampshire, Celia trained as a nurse at Hale Hospital in Haverhill. Joining the Army in 1942, she was sent to North Africa where she endured difficult conditions, such as 140-degree temperatures. Later, based in the outskirts of Naples, she cared for sick and wounded soldiers in the Italian campaign. Of her work, she said in an understatement: “It’s not a bad record because we’ve cared for over 3,000 patients.”

In reflecting on her mother’s mentality at that time, Pam says: “Her thoughts were always of home, of the White Mountains, and of Lake Chocorus in which she used to swim.”  

Not until the last ten years of Celia’s life did she talk with her daughter about her wartime experiences. Those conversations solidified her appreciation of her mother as a person: “I always remember her so strong, so solid, so faith-filled.”

By the 1970s, her daughter began to gather her letters because of their historical value. “This is a piece of American history,” she told herself, “and I just can’t let it go to waste.”

In a recent letter to me, Pam writes: “We must remember our veterans and what they sacrificed for our nation,” I agree and in that spirit have shared the stories of these two very different veterans of World War II. Pam also emphasizes that the veterans who have grown old and vulnerable deserve our best care and treatment.

Henry and Celia in their distinct ways show the devotion to duty that brought eventual victory over the forces of tyranny. Along with the millions of others who have served in America’s wars they deserve credit for bravery and commitment.

Richard Griffin

Lourdes and Spirituality

“Of the millions of the sick who go to Lourdes, not one in thousand is ‘cured,’” observed the late British theologian Adrian Hastings. Probably he was setting the odds better than they actually are.

If you travel to a holy place looking for a miracle, your chances of finding one are indeed no better than if you play the lottery hoping to win a million dollars. But people of faith know this, by and large, and yet still go to sites like Lourdes in southern France because they are sources of spiritual blessings.

When I visited Lourdes, four years ago, I was prepared to feel put off by what I imagined as the craze for cures. The sight of all those thousands of people in wheelchairs and moving beds would show me religion, I feared, manipulating the sick by making them expect to be cured of their illnesses and disabilities.

What I found instead was an atmosphere of impressive spirituality. Yes, there were merchants galore in the city squares selling religious trinkets of all kinds. Some of these were in bad taste, tawdry objects connected with the shrines and the famous grotto where the sick bathe.

But I soon discovered the spirit behind the sick and disabled who come, in some instances, thousands of miles to take part in ceremonies at Lourdes. They were clearly there to pray; at least most of them were. Along with their caretakers and others like me who were in good health, they formed part of a long and awesome procession that moved by candlelight around the square outside the great basilica.

As we slowly moved along, we repeated hymns in honor of the Blessed Virgin and Jesus. I felt buoyed up by the spirit of people there, all ages and conditions of life, speaking many of the languages of the world. I was deeply impressed by the work of the caretakers who ministered with great solicitude to those dependent on them.

Gradually I became aware of the purpose motivating the people sick in body (and, perhaps, mind) who were there. For the most part, I came to realize, they had not come for a miracle to be worked on them nor did they expect to be cured of their maladies. Rather, they had traveled there for healing, for the grace of their souls becoming whole.

This was undoubtedly why theologian Adrian Hastings had put the word “cure” in quotation marks. He must have wanted to allow for the use of the word to describe the spiritual healing that many people bring home from a pilgrimage to Lourdes or other places sanctified by faith.

In her 1999 book “Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age,” Oxford scholar Ruth Harris presents herself as an unbeliever who was deeply touched by her experience of this holy place. She sees this site of pilgrimage as one where genuine healing has taken place during the past century and a half and where an attempt has been made to overcome the mind/body divide that has marked modern society.

I came away from my visit with a sense of spiritual renewal. I felt buoyed up by the faith of the thousands with whom I mingled. That was a beautiful evening on which, accompanied by family members, I walked, sang, prayed and sensed the presence of spirit among us.

That is “miracle” enough for me, though I still sympathize with those who continue to endure agonizing suffering of body and mind. To me the spirit of God is present in the devotion of those open to the change of soul that takes place within them. In accepting the inner anointing that comes with this kind of pilgrimage, they become healed even if they never find a cure for their ailments.

The fine American writer Flannery O’Connor, who suffered from lupus, went to Lourdes in the spring of 1958. For reasons not entirely clear, she was afraid of being cured of her disease, says the editor of her letters. But, if she had not taken the bath, she feared being “plagued in the future by a bad conscience.”

Ultimately, the odds quoted at the beginning are irrelevant to the spiritual meaning of the holy site. More to the point, the odds of spiritual healing seem remarkably favorable. For people who come open to God’s healing touch, those odds are excellent. Most likely, they will return home fortified in spirit and with renewed hope.

Richard Griffin

BLSA

Do you believe that people who are stinkers at age 30 will still be stinkers at age 80? I, for one, don’t want to but the best scientific evidence suggests that we should.

This evidence comes from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Human Aging. This fall, at a week-long seminar for journalists working the age beat, I visited Baltimore and learned more about this celebrated study.  

Begun in 1958 (three years before the California Angels were born), this study calls itself “America’s longest-running scientific study of human aging.” The study is based on 1,200 men and women volunteers who range from their 20s to their 90s. A program of the National Institute on Aging, the BLSA is funded by our tax dollars and would appears to be a sound investment.

What “longitudinal” means is that the same people take part over the period of the study, although individuals are free to drop out at any time. This contrasts with research focusing on a series of different people and is considered more productive and reliable by the social science community.

During the first 40 years, researchers reached significant findings about a range of physical and psychological issues. Of these, I will consider only three.

As indicated above, the first asserts the stability of people’s personalities in adulthood and later years. “Analyses of long-term data show that adults as a whole change little after age 30,” the researchers state. They makes this concrete by adding: “People who are cheerful and assertive at age 30 are likely to be cheerful and assertive at age 80.”

My reason for feeling reluctant to accept this finding is that it smacks of predestination. What about free will so prized by human beings? Why must we continue be nasty toward other people just because we started out that way? Cannot Scrooge be converted and become a nice guy in time for later-life Christmases?

The scientists take some of the curse off their finding by strategic use of the phrase “as a whole.” Thus they do not assert the finding applies to absolutely everybody. They seem willing to admit exceptions.

The example they give, of course, would incline many to favor the thesis. Who, starting out as cheerful and assertive, would not wish to continue so in late life? Even there, however, I would incline toward the side of freedom: should not old people retain the freedom to become more misanthropic if they wish? After all, misanthropy is frequently recognized as a factor in helping some of us survive to longevity – the tough, grumpy old man or woman phenomenon.

The second finding of the BLSA researchers goes like this: “Older people cope more effectively with stress than young adults.”

This one fits in with my experience. The older people I run into tend to be remarkably resilient in coping with the insults, small and large, that so often come with age. The traditional view held elders to be rigid and lacking in coping abilities, but the Baltimore scientists suggest this generalization may not hold water.

My only problem with this finding is possible stereotyping of young people. Everyone knows young adults who cope courageously with illness and other threatening issues. The BLSA, in fact, recognizes how, health aside, older people “experience less stress than younger adults (who must juggle work, marriage, and children.)”

The third general proposition from BLSA asserts “Happiness is more predictable from a person’s disposition than from the special events he or she encounters.”

People often assume happiness to come from events such as getting a raise, staying healthy, or taking a dream vacation –  – three cited by the study. But the researchers have found psychological well-being to come from character rather than circumstances.

“People quickly adapt to both good and bad circumstances,” they assert, “so the impact of special events can be fleeting; but people who are sociable, generous, goal-oriented, and emotionally stable consistently report higher levels of happiness and lower levels of depression than others.”

Yes, but I wonder how many of the 1,200 men and women studied in BLSA live in desperately poor circumstances, without adequate financial resources for a decent life. It would be a mistake to think happiness out of reach for such people, but its availability cannot be easy or assumed, however stable their character may be.

And, again, this finding sounds a bit deterministic as if a person’s character is not subject to change. Is it not possible for people as they grow older to modify their outlook on the world and let their new experiences work a transformation in some of their basic attitudes?

I do much welcome emphasis on the importance of character in the life of older people. As the Jungian analyst James Hillman says:  “Without the idea of character, the old are merely lessened and worsened people and their longevity is society’s burden.”

But despite quibbles like mine, the three findings discussed here point toward the dignity of later life and the value of core personality.

Richard Griffin